The Chorus as a Homonym - 1168 Words

In Jean Anouilh’s Antigone and in Euripides’s Medea the Chorus is both a tool for characterization and representation of theme; however, the ways they function in their respective plays are noticeably different. The differences in the way the Choruses function in each respective play make the name of the character â€Å"the Chorus† a homonym, same name different meaning. The Chorus in Antigone functions to incorporate the technique of metatheatre. The purpose of metatheatre is to provide a separation between the audience and the actors in the play through â€Å"constant direct and indirect reminders that what [the audience] is watching is a play† (Freeman xxxvii). The first instance of a reminder is when the Prologue steps forward from the†¦show more content†¦The guards â€Å"go on with their game of cards†, Creon leaves the site to attend the â€Å"Privy Council, and the people of Thebes â€Å"begin to forget [Antigone and Haemon] and get their names mixed up† (Anouilh 60-61). All of the metatheatrical techniques in the play to distance the audience from the tragedy keep Anouilh safe in this part from criticism from the Greek’s because otherwise they could take the heartlessness of people described offensively. The Chorus in Euripides’s Medea mainly functions as the commentator of drama, as a Chorus in a classical Greek drama would, or the voice of reason that often times sympathizes with Medea. The Chorus, made up of Corinthian women, comments on the drama in light of the morals of the Greek society of the time, such as moderation, which helps the Greek audience in understanding the play and Medea herself. Also, being the voice of reason, the Chorus not only aids the audience in understanding the play but also tries to aid Medea in understanding herself and her irrationality. The main point that the Chorus tries to explain to Medea is that she should not be hurt by Jason’s actions beca use â€Å"it often happens† and if she does not forget about it she will â€Å"waste away grieving too much for him† (Euripides 6). Because they are unsuccessful in proving to her she is irrational, the Chorus’s function shifts from being the voiceShow MoreRelatedTranslation of Newspapers. Problems of British-American Press Headlines Translation15808 Words   |  64 Pages E.C.4. Emotional colouring is generally moderate, however, though editors seem to place no restrictions on it. See the following announcement in the PERSONAL section of The Times-. Alleluia! Im a mum. (A jocular modification of the chorus Ð ¾f the well-known American song Alleluia, Im a bum. A young woman is stating that she has become a mother.) As for the separate (non-classified) advertisements and announcements, the variety of language form and subject-matter is so great

Pricing Options Using Levy Processes And Monte Carlo Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2574 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The widely known Brownian motion was first introduced in 1828 by a Scottish botanist named Robert Brown. Brown used this concept in order to illustrate an irregularity in patterns of movement by pollen grains suspended in liquid. In 1900, Louis Bachelier considered the Brownian motion as a possible solution to modeling stock market prices. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pricing Options Using Levy Processes And Monte Carlo Finance Essay" essay for you Create order As a result, in 1923, Norbert Wiener was the first to give the Brownian Motion a rigorous definition, reconstructing the model. This use of the Brownian theory is often referred to as the Wiener process. Finally, after a series of efforts from a number of scientists, Black and Scholes (1973) introduced the famous Black-Scholes option pricing formula in a paper that remained unpublished. However, later that year, Robert Merton published a follow-up paper that integrated the no-arbitrage condition, generalizing in this way Black-Scholes formula. After Wieners work, Brownian motion was considered, until very recently, the most appropriate process for describing asset returns when operating within a continuous time framework. Nevertheless, a large number of relatively recent studies conclude that Brownian motion may not be the most appropriate process. There are three principal objectives that illustrate this opinion in real life data. First, the volatility of returns is not constant. It changes stochastically, according to time variation. Secondly, asset prices for real data are not continuous, but instead they demonstrate jumps. This, in turn leads to the non-normality of returns. Finally, the returns and their volatilities are not actually independent, rather they often illustrate signs of correlation and sometimes the correlation might even be negative. In particular, Fama (1963) stated that returns are actually more leptokurtic than the normal ones, especially when the holding period is small. In addition, prices on options demonstrate the famous volatility smile and are actually higher than what the Black-Scholes formula predicts. It is also important to note that the Black-Scholes formula assumes normality in log-increments. However, empirical evidence has proved that this is actually false, leading researchers to initiate studies in other ranges of processes. One of the most famous of such family models is the Là ©vy processes. Their greatest advanta ge is that they allow the flexibility of not requiring returns to follow a normal distribution. Finally, the growth of the market has led to the demand of new and more complex financial derivatives for which the Black-Scholes model cannot be used for pricing. As an example, exotic options illustarte this difficulty in pricing very clear, since most times it is impossible to derive a closed-form solution for pricing them. Nonetheless, there are other factors that amplify the complication of pricing an option, as stated in Anyaoku (2005). One such factor, is the early exercise, seen in American options or credit derivatives constructed from a mixture of correlated underlying assets. The path dependent derivatives such as Lookback or Asian options should also be included since their payoff depends on past values of the asset. This kind of options have actually increased in the Over-The-Counter (OTC) market and in order to be traded and hedged, they first need to be priced. The ai m of this paper is to exhibit the use of Là ©vy processes. In particular, we will examine the use of a Variance-Gamma (VG) process (Madan et al. (1998)) in overcoming all the issues of the Brownian motion, mentioned above, when pricing options and in particular American and Asian options. It will turn out that the empirically examined properties of real world data fit a lot better with Là ©vy processes than the Black-Scholes model. Jump-diffusion processes and Là ©vy models have been widely related with option pricing, since they take into account the implied volatility smiles and generally capture all the flaws mentioned above in the Black-Scholes pricing model. The pricing will be employed using Monte Carlo simulation method since it has so far proved an excellent tool for solving problems of higher dimensions. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Construction of Là ©vy processes There is an enormous amount of studies illustrating different option pricing models, as also different processes describing asset prices that were produced as an alternative to the flawed Black-Scholes model. Là ©vy process was one of the most widespread alternatives and researchers up until now are studying the different versions of it. In particular, the first studies about the Là ©vy process go back to the late 20s but its final structure was gradually discovered by a number of researchers such as De Finetti, Kolmogorov, Là ©vy, Khintchine and Ità ´. Broadly speaking, a Là ©vy process is a stochastic process in continuous time with independent and stationary increments, similar to the independent and identically distributed improvement of discrete monitoring. The two most famous Là ©vy processes are, the Brownian motion with drift, used in the Black-Scholes model (1973) and the compound Poisson process which underlies Mertons (1976) jump diffusion model. Carr and Wu (2004) mentioned in their paper about time-changed Là ©vy processes that a pure jump Là ©vy process generates non-normal innovations and in order to capture the stochastic volatility, they applied a stochastic time change to the process. In addition, they mentioned that in order for the correlation between returns and their volatilities to appear, they had to allow improvements in the process to be correlated with improvements in the random clock on which it is run. In the case where the later correlation becomes negative, it means that when the Là ©vy process falls the clock has a faster running trend. This is what detains the leverage effect described in Black (1976). There is a huge variety of different types of Là ©vy processes that are used in pricing options and researchers share separate opinions about which one is actually more suitable. This variety of opinions was clearly illustrated by Carr and Wu (2004). One sort consists of those who believe that compound Poisson processes are appropriate for fitting jumps as it was first mentioned by Merton (1976). Similar to this was Hestons (1993) idea in using a mean reverting square root process when modeling stochastic volatility. Among those who undertook the same research path were Andersen et al. (2002), Bates (2000) and Pan (2002). The second sort considers general jump structures which allow an infinite number of jumps to arise within a finite time interval. One of the most commonly used models in this strand is the inverse Gaussian model, introduced by Barndorff-Nielsen (1998), as well as the Variance-Gamma (VG) model, introduced by Madan et al. (1998). This strand basically supports the use of infinite-activity process when modeling returns, which leads to the recognition of stochastic volatility. The best elements of the two strands mentioned above are suitably combined in time-changed Là ©vy processes, creating an even better fit. In particular, the time-changed framework relaxes the a ffine requirement and allows greater generality for the jump structure. In addition, it allows volatility changes to be correlated arbitrarily with asset returns. This leads to the privilege of attaining both the leverage effect missing from the Black-Scholes model and the high jump activity as seen in Carr and Wu (2004). 2.2. Recent work on pricing using Là ©vy Processes Option pricing is an issue that concerned researchers for decades and it will likely continue to be an issue for years to come. The methodology used for observing pricing behavior varies largely, depending on the type of options and process you are dealing with. Most of the times, pricing of options requires numerical integration or solving a partial differential equation (PDE). However, this is not always feasible. When the dimension of the problem is large, both numerical integrals and solving PDEs become hard to implement since formulas become intractable and a large amount of accuracy is lost (Jia (2009)). This is where estimation methods are introduced, in order to offer more accurate results. Several groups of numerical methods, implemented in recent studies, exist for analyzing option pricing. The most commonly used are the Monte Carlo simulations and Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT). Monte Carlo simulation, in particular, can be applied in evaluating options that contain multi ple sources of ambiguity or obscured characteristics. However, a number of other differing analytical approximations are used, as well as derivations of integral equations. One approach was that of Madan et al. (1998) who examined a stochastic process, in which financial information arrived via jumps. In their study, they applied a high-activity process with infinite small jumps, combining them with the lower-frequency large jumps. Following their work, Carr and Wu (2003) examined the necessity of a diffusion component, when using high-activity pure jump processes. However, they did not manage to reach an exact conclusion since often jump processes in the limit imitate the performance of a diffusion process. Nonetheless, they realized that when pricing short-term index options at-the-money, a diffusion component offers some contribution. Benhamou (2000), in his effort to model the smile effect, implemented both Fourier and Laplace transforms in a semi-parametric method. The on ly assumption required was that Là ©vy processes are appropriate in modeling underlying price processes. However, no other constraints were employed on the price process. In this way, he managed to broaden the Black-Scholes model to a variety of Là ©vy processes, due to the fact that the latter includes both continuous time diffusion and jump process. Another approach was that of Lord et al. (2007). They examined the pricing of early-exercise options by introducing a novel quadrature-based method which mainly relies on Fast-Fourier transformations called the Convolution method. Their work was a combination of the recent quadrature pricing methods of Andricopoulos et al. (2003) and OSullivan (2005) and the Fourier transformation methods initiated by Carr and Madan (1999), Raible (2000) and Lewis (2001). The main idea of the procedure applied was to reformulate the commonly used risk-neutral valuation formula on the basis that it forms a convolution. The Convolution method is the n used for pricing American and Bermudan options. In order to implement this method, they had to impose only one restriction, basically that of a known conditional characteristic function for the underlying asset. However, since the method was applied within an exponential Là ©vy framework, which includes the exponential affine jump-diffusion models, the constraint for a known conditional characteristic function was fulfilled. In the report, the flexibility of choosing the asset price process within a range of jump processes was illustrated in numerical examples by examining three different processes; namely, the Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM), the VG and the CGMY (Carr et al.(2002)). Finally, an apparent example on the use of Monte Carlo simulation in pricing exotic options by making use of general pricing techniques for vanilla options is given by Schoutens and Symens (2002). A thorough observation should be made of their work, since this report will use the same procedure in pricing American and Asian options. The processes exploited when pricing the options were the VG process, the Normal Inverse Gaussian (NIG) process and the Meixner process, which were then used to implement a Là ©vy Stochastic Volatility (Là ©vy-SV) model. Broadly speaking, in a stochastic volatility model, the time of the process becomes stochastic. This means that time is running slow when we are at times of low volatility and time is running fast when we are at times of high volatility. As a rate of time change, they used the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model and they calibrated the Là ©vy-SV model to fit their data set, which was completed with mid-prices of a set of European call options on the SP 500 index. The calibration produced the risk-neutral parameters for each model, on which they carried out simulations and obtained the option prices for all proposed models. Finally, the use of the technique of control variates was made in order to decrease the standard error of the simulations to a minimum. As a result, they realized that although in the Black-Scholes framework, prices of exotic options depend highly on the volatility parameter chosen, which is not apparent; in the Là ©vy-SV model, prices are almost equal. This is what led them to the conclusion that pricing exotic options on the Là ©vy-SV model is more reliable than the Black-Scholes model. 3. Data Requirements and Methodologies to be used Following the procedure above by Schoutens and Symens (2002), we will price an American option and an exotic option, specifically an Asian fixed strike call option with arithmetic average, using Monte Carlo simulations. Generally, there are two types of research approaches: quantitative and qualitative. The main difference of the two is that the first is objective in nature, i.e. it is not influenced, whilst the second approach is subjective in nature, i.e. it is influenced. The data we would use to implement our model will be FTSE 100 index prices for a 5 year period. The payoff of an American and an Asian option are given in the following way. American Option: Where is the stopping time representing the optimal stopping time and is the payoff of the American contract to be priced. Asian Fixed Strike Call Option: Let = average of the asset price over Assume stock prices are recorded every periods from time to time , then there are periods over . The payoff of the Asian fixed strike call option is given by , where is the strike price. By using a VG model, we will calibrate model prices in order to try and match them to market prices by minimizing the least squared error of their differences. In particular, for computing the average absolute error we would use the following formula The procedure begins by simulating different paths for our stock prices process (in our case the VG process) and then for each path evaluate the payoff function for , where is the number of options in our data set. From that, we calculate the Monte Carlo estimate of the expected payoff as The above estimate is used to discount the final option price, i.e. . The standard error of this estimate is then required, which is given by: Generally, it is observed that in order to decrease the standard error of the estimate, you need to increase the number of simulations. However, one should note that when increasing the number of simulations, the speed of the pr ocedure decreases. We continue by simulating our VG process up to time The final step includes the rescaling of our path based on the path of the stochastic business time of our choice and then inserting it in the formula for the behavior of the stock price. Finally, we should note that the stochastic time we chose to use is the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR (1985a/b)) model. 4. Conclusion In this report, our aim is to illustrate a way of pricing American and Asian options that detain all key aspects on real world financial securities; mainly, jumps, stochastic volatility and the leverage effect. By using a VG process, we obtain a framework that allows jumps and with the help of the CIR model, as the stochastic time, we allow for stochastic volatility to be introduced. Finally, the leverage effect is captured through the correlation between the VG innovation and the time change. Generally, the Black-Scholes model will always remain as a point of reference against all other models or extensions pioneered and it will continue to be seen as a paradigm of option pricing regardless of the amount of research that has occurred, proving the opposite. However, recent studies have been evident of the flaws of the Black-Scholes model when applied to the real world framework. In addition, it has been proven that Là ©vy processes can be considered as the most recent effective fit to the actual market. Nevertheless, in future research everything is possible to revolutionize.

Descriptive Essay On Batters - 1505 Words

My last batter has just been struck out by another unfair call from the ump. I hear a chorus of groans and sighs coming from the stands on the our side of the field. I hear the same coming from the rest of the players in the dugout. I hear the same coming from me and Doug. The score is tied at an aggravating 0-0. And now, it’s their turn to bat. The Reds, they call themselves. They bother me. Acting as if they are in the major leagues, as if they just won the World Series, they run towards the center of the field and towards the pitcher. They gather around him, high-fiving, jumping up, and shouldering each other. Laughing and smiling. They have no right to do that. Just because they struck out three of my best batters in a row doesn’t†¦show more content†¦In a calm, gentle voice, he speaks. â€Å"You need to calm down. They’re only ten years old, for pete’s sake. And their just doing this for fun.† He doesn’t sound confrontational, but I retaliate anyway. I shake my head, and laugh as I throw my head back dramatically. With a voice loud enough that the rest of the team can hear, I shout â€Å"What’s the point of being on a baseball team if you don’t even want to win? That’s the stupidest thing I ever heard.† I eye him up and down, trying to make it obvio us that the insult was meant not just for the team, but for him as well. He shakes his head sadly, closing his eyes. He looks like he has pity for me. Why would he have pity for me? I narrow my eyelids at him so much that I’m nearly squinting. I want an answer. â€Å"Because not everybody’s you,† I hear him say under his breath as he turns around and begins to herd my boys towards the dugout. What’s that supposed to mean? I want to scream again. Why would he say that? What does he want me to do? I again search for more answers in his eyes, only to find that he, too, is now staring at my shoes. He doesn’t want to look at me either. Seeing everyone’s head tilted downwards at me, I think of my father. He never made eye contact with anyone. So nobody made eye contact with him. â€Å"It was the way I was raised,† he described to me when I asked long ago. The way he never looked bothered me; it felt like he was always dismissive and uncaring about what he and everyone else said. I alsoShow MoreRelatedMy Favorite Food848 Words   |  4 Pages-Here are some guidelines for writing a descriptive essay: Take time to brainstorm If your instructor asks you to describe your favorite food, make sure that you jot down some ideas before you begin describing it. For instance, if you choose pizza, you might start by writing down a few words: sauce, cheese, crust, pepperoni, sausage, spices, hot, melted, etc. Once you have written down some words, you can begin by compiling descriptive lists for each one. Use clear and concise language. Read MoreEnglish Segment 1 Study Guide1694 Words   |  7 Pagesmeaning. Bang pow Alliteration Repetition of initial consonant sounds Every Eagle eats eggs Assonance Repetition of vowel sounds within words Try to light the fire Consonance Repetition of consonant sounds at the end of words Litter and batter Understatement Figure of speech that makes something seem less important or serious to emphasize the opposite Root canal surgery can be uncomfortable for the dental patient Rhyme/Rhyme Scheme Identical sounds, usually at the end of wordsRead MoreEssay on Amer. Lit2033 Words   |  9 PagesPossible Essay Questions: 1. Consider the imagery used in Shakespeare’s assigned sonnets, Herrick’s â€Å"To the Virgins,† and Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress.† Although their images differ, what do all these poets seem to be saying about time? Be specific when referring to the poems. The imagery is very different, but all of the poems and poets seem to be saying time is important in life. In Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 he says, â€Å"And every fair from fair sometime declines,† when explaining the inevitableRead MoreInstructive Text Types11631 Words   |  47 PagesLongacre’s classification†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.. 1.4 Werlich’s textual typology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.... 1.5 Biber’s text type†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Chapter 2.Text Forms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 2.1 The descriptive text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 2.2 The narrative text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.3 The expository text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2.4 The argumentative text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.5 The instructive text form †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreDescriptive Analysis6093 Words   |  25 PagesDescriptive Analyses of the Essays and Short Stories Narration and Description THE STRATEGIES Although the narrative and descriptive essays are often given as separate assignments in composition courses, they are combined in this first section so that teachers can present expressive writing and still reserve time for the many forms of informative and argumentative writing. 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Body Image And Self Esteem Among Adolescents - 1685 Words

Body Image and Self-Esteem among Adolescents The topic of body image is an issue that we see amongst many adolescents all around the world. This huge issue can be dealt by adults but the main victim of body imaging are adolescents. Everywhere, anyone goes, there is example of what society considers â€Å"beautiful.† Even if someone is not completely studying it, their subconscious is still registering all of the images and words to what society thinks is a perfect body. Everyday there are people that walk by magazines in stores, drive by billboards with models, and watch television commercials with the skinny girl or buff guy. It is just something people see in their everyday life and is something that is hard to get away from. With all of the hints here and there, it is hard to not think about your own self-image and lose a little bit of self-esteem. Adolescents are more vulnerable to getting self-conscious because that is when we as humans are starting to figure out our own bodies, so when these young adults see a skinny girl on the cover of a magazine with the words â€Å"beautiful† or â€Å"hot† next to them, they start to question if they can fit in those categories. Body image and self-esteem has to come from somewhere. Where would that somewhere be? We can blame a lot of it on media. Just like said before, everywhere people go they see these body imaging markers and hints of what is beautiful and all of it comes from media. The magazines, commercials, and billboards, all media.Show MoreRelatedHow Does Self Discrepancy Of Media Influenced Body Image Affect Adolescents Self Esteem?1235 Words   |  5 PagesSection A: Project Details Title: How does self-discrepancy of media-influenced body image affect adolescents’ self-esteem? Abstract: Research has shown that exposure to thin-ideal media is related to body dissatisfaction. 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Two of the many effects of media on females are depression and self esteem issues, as well as eating disorders. Unfortunately, body dissatisfaction caused by media is becoming more and more common. In today’s society, media is a part of everyone’s lives, whether people want it toRead MoreThe Differences between the Self-Esteem of Boys and Girls During Puberty1247 Words   |  5 Pageschanges. Your body changes, your voice can change, and your emotions are on overdrive. The changes going through an adolescent’s body can be very confusing. Not everyone going through puberty knows what is happening to them. Plus, even if an understanding is there, it can be very uncomfortable. Almost every part of an adolescent’s body is affected when going through puberty. Psychologically, an adolescent is affected too. One psychological effect of puberty is a decreased self-esteem. Boys and girlsRead MoreWhy Cosmetic Surgery Improves Mental Health1689 Words   |  7 Pagesimproving self-esteem. However, research has shown that this is not always the case. There have been variable results showing whether cosmetic surgery will improve psychological variables such a s body image, self-esteem, and mental health. Body image specifically has been suggested to be a crucial factor in the desire to undergo cosmetic surgery. This is based off two important components including body image evaluation, referring to how satisfied a person is with his or her own body, and body imageRead MoreLiterature Review : Body Image1173 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review: Body Image â€Å"Act 2: Extending Theory on Social Media and Body Concerns† shows the pattern and connection between social media and body image. People that are already affected by vulnerable factors, such as low self-esteem, depression, perfectionism and the thought that appearance is essential to self-worth, seek the gratifications that come from using social media. For example, if someone is feeling unattractive, but a picture they posted online is getting liked and commented onRead MoreDo Teenagers Place Too Much Importance On Their Appearance?1175 Words   |  5 PagesTeenager’s Appearance â€Å"If we get our self-esteem from superficial places such as our appearance, we will be disappointed, because no one can guarantee that we’ll have them tomorrow† – Kathy Ireland Teenage years are a confusing period of one’s lifetime. It is where new emotions are revealed to you and new standards are set. Beauty is the main part of this time period that influences the teens the greatest. However, all these new factors to consider are overwhelming for teenagers, causing them toRead MoreStudies of Social Media and its Effects on Adolescent’s Body Image 1166 Words   |  5 PagesIn the mindset of adolescents, these medias help to create unrealistic ideas of who they are and who they should be. As if going through puberty isn’t difficult enough, teenagers are raised to face these phony thoughts everyday. One of the top problems that boys and girls experience is the way they view their body; commonly referred to as â€Å"body image.† Our media-saturated world provides many teens with low self-esteem, eating disorders, and overall dissatisfaction with one’s body. With the help ofRead MoreLong Term Effects of Sexualizing Adolesce nts in Beauty Pageant777 Words   |  4 PagesChild beauty pageants may seem like harmless fun, but the actual effects it has on adolescents is not worth the public adoration. Some people believe that pageants do not have long lasting effects on them, and that, for children, pageants just give them the opportunity to play dress up. Even though children may not be affected immediately, the values that pageants instill are buried in their subconscious. By judging children at such young ages based solely off outward appearance, they grow up with

Engineering Science Free Essays

The magnitude of the force per unit displaced is and thus, using the equation: Therefore: So the period of vertical oscillation is: 9. Describe an experiment using a simple pendulum to determine the value of acceleration due to gravity (g), deriving any formulae that will be required. The implies of experiments using a pendulum to determine the value of acceleration due to gravity, would be to tie a weight to the end of a piece of string, creating a pendulum. We will write a custom essay sample on Engineering Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now The time of the back and forth motion the pendulum shows is called the period. It does not depend on the mass or the size of the arc, only the length and acceleration due to gravity. The formula for finding the period of a simple pendulum is: Where Period Length of pendulum Transpose the simple pendulum formula to find g: To solve the equations for any pendulum, time the pendulum through say 20 back and forth motions. Then record the time and divide it by 20 to find : Once has been found, measure the length of the pendulum, to the centre of the weight and input these values into the equations for . Now the acceleration due to gravity can be found. 10. Discuss forced mechanical vibration, resonance and damping in engineering, egg. Aircraft, bridges, ships, cars, etc. Include the sequence of events and a description of the contribution of each to the final outcome. You are encouraged to draw on your own experience where you have been involved in a vibration issue on aircraft. Vibration can be described as the movement on a body, back and forth from its sting place when acted upon by an external force. There are three main parameters that can be measured from vibration. The first being amplitude, measuring how much vibration, frequency, measuring how many times it occurs in relation to time, and phase, which describes how it is vibrating. Forced mechanical vibration is when an external force from a mechanical imbalance causes oscillations through the system. For example when there is an imbalance on the rotors on a helicopter, the resulting vibrations travel through the aircraft. If the vibration matches the natural frequency of the aircraft, this can cause resonance. Resonance is a potentially destructive vibration as the oscillations will continue to grow in amplitude until the initial forced vibration ceases or failure occurs. For example the well-known ground resonance test on a Chinook aircraft, where a vibration matches the natural frequency of the fuselage and rips itself apart. The likelihood of resonance can be minimized by the use of damping. Damping is the use of systems or components to reduce the amplitude of any oscillations to limit the damage vibrations can cause. This can be done in various ways; springs are used on ears suspension, viscous fluid is used in aircraft landing gear and on the Apache aircraft, rubber lead/lag dampers are used on the rotor head to minimizes the vibration from the blades. An example where forced mechanical vibration leading to resonance has resulted in failure is the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Washington State, USA in 1940. Problems began to arise when on particularly windy days, construction workers on the bridge noticed that the deck oscillated vertically giving the bridge the nickname ‘Galloping Grittier’, nevertheless the bridge was opened to traffic on 1st July 1940. The ‘Galloping motion continued and various attempts to correct it proved ineffective. These included extra strengthening cables and hydraulic dampers. Fig 1 On the day of the collapse, 7th November 1940, the wind speed was MPH which resulted in, at first small oscillations of the deck. The wind caused a phenomenon known as rare elastic fluttering (fig 1), where the centre of the deck remains still and either side of the bridge twists in opposite directions. This then escalated into a resonance effect as the oscillations increased periodically. Once the vibration had Ovid past the bridges damping mechanisms and matched the natural frequency the result was unavoidable as resonance took hold (fig 2). Fig 2 Further damping recommendations were made 5 days before the collapse of the bridge but were too late to save it. Two solutions were proposed: 1. To drill holes in the lateral girders and along the deck so that the airflow could circulate through them (reducing lift forces) 2. To give more aerodynamic shape to the transverse section of the deck by adding fairings or deflector vanes along the deck, attached to the girder fascia Lessons have been learnt from the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, the Bronx Whetstone Bridge, similar in design to the ‘Galloping Grittier’, was reinforced with fat high steel trusses on both sides of the deck shortly after the disaster to weigh down and stiffen the bridge to reduce oscillations. Thankfully no lives were lost in the collapse and as OTTOMH Amman (a leading bridge designer and a member of the investigation team) said when commenting on the new design of the bridge, ‘ if errors, or failure occur, we must accept them as a price for human progress’. My own experiences of vibration issues on aircraft are generally related to UT of balance rotors or drive shaft components. There have been several instances of loose tail rotor shapeless due to vibration from the tail rotors and cracking on a cooling fan connected to the tail rotor drive due to a worn bearing hangar also causing vibration. Another example of a vibration issue I have been involved with, is struggling to track and balance the main rotors due to a modification which records stress on critical components. This modification altered the balance on the blades and rotor head due to extra weight from wires. Bibliography – Wisped How to cite Engineering Science, Papers

Marketing Mix on Consumer Decision Making †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Mix on Consumer Decision Making. Answer: Introduction: As a part of the course I have learnt the points such as marketing mix, SWOT, positioning and targeting mix. These are points are helpful to me in future for decision making. From the concept of Marketing Mix I have learnt that it is a variety of different factors which influence decision of customers to purchase a product or service. It can also be helpful to me in producing desirable behaviour from the target customers (Aras, Syam, Jasruddin, Akib Haris, 2017). In future it is going to help me to understand product and service offerings and the best way to plan for the successful launch of products and marketing strategy. SWOT helped me to learn that reviewing strength and weakness of companies create base for improvement. The weaknesses are easy to identify than to prioritize. It has also helped me to identify and categorise internal factors i.e. strength and weakness and external factors i.e. opportunities and threats which are faced by an organisation (Bull, et. al. 2016). Positioning is helpful in creating something that has not created already by someone. It focuses on being first in the category of products which will help in positioning in the mind of customers. A specific group of people can be targeted by email marketing and list managing services. The specification of such products helps in positioning. The Targeting market has helped me to identify the people who really need or want. It also helps to efficiently use resources to attract potential customers. It is supportive in knowing features and benefits derived from it. It tells how benefits help the users. It can be helpful to me in knowing attitude, value and lifestyle of targeted customers. References Bull, J. W., Jobstvogt, N., Bhnke-Henrichs, A., Mascarenhas, A., Sitas, N., Baulcomb, C., ... Carter-Silk, E. (2016). Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats: A SWOT analysis of the ecosystem services framework.Ecosystem services,17, 99-111. Aras, M., Syam, H., Jasruddin, J., Akib, H., Haris, H. (2017, July). The Effect of Service Marketing Mix on Consumer Decision Making. InInternational Conference on Education, Science, Art and Technology(pp. 108-112).